Monday, January 25, 2010

Penaeus-monodon Culture in Indonesia

The culture of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Indonesia has been devastated by WSSV since 2000 but hopes arise that culture of this species will have a great comeback. Nowadays, broodstock which are free of WSSV has already been developed. The larvae produced from them is also of good quality. With an aquaculture system using polyculture, shrimp culture is even more environmental friendly and able to produce healthy shrimp in culture conditions.

Balai Budidaya Air Payau (BBAP) Takalar, Sulawesi Selatan has succeded in screening Black Tiger Shrimp which are free of these virus. The broodstocks are obtained from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Takalar and Gorontalo through intensive screening. Through these procedures, shrip are free of disease.

Sugeng Rahardjo, the head of BBAP Takalar, Sabtu, said their is a stigma that exists which claims Black Tiger shrimp could not be able to be cultured any more but through recent developments these objective statements are questioned.

The shrimp farmers also applied polyculture so the water could be purified. The technique is simple, shrimp farm use a cleaning pond and also a filtering pond as a companion for the main culture ponds. The water from the cleaning pond is left for 3 to 5 days to kill the virus then flowed to the filtering ponds which is planted by sea weeds, milkfish or baronang.

Sea weeds will supply oxygen and filter the pathogenic agents. Milkfish and or baronang will disintegrate residue in the ponds.

According to Saifudin, the shrimp technician in BBAP Takalar, this technique eliminates the cost for feed. The shrimp consumes plankton which grows because of organic fertilizers. Milkfish and baronang also consumes the seaweeds.

Source : kompas

DOMESTICATION OF GUTS MICROBIOTA FOR SHRIMP AND FISH AQUACULTURE IMPROVEMENT.

Motte Emmerik*, Delphine Serpin, Gaetan Shires, Paula Pinto, Yadir Mauri, Marlon Santana, Mayra Valdez, Jorge Medina, Efraim Cayra, Benoit Diringer, Segundo Cornejo, Eric Mialhe.

Marinazul/Conceptazul S.A, Guayaquil, Ecuador, PB 0902-142A motte.emmerik@gmail.com
One of the main challenges facing a successful breeding of shrimps and fishes at larval stages corresponds to the colonization of the digestive tract by beneficial microorganisms which are able to trigger the right physiological development of the digestive tract itself, to reinforce the immune system, as well as to improve the digestive metabolism of the larvae. Indeed, the nature of such microbiota plays an important role in the protection of shrimp and fish against pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. As a general rule, aquaculture production systems are disturbing the natural process of primary colonization of the digestive tract due to disinfection measures and a resulting low bacterial diversity in the water. In such conditions, the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the water or in live foods significantly increases the risks of animals infections due to the initial lack of native microbiota competitors present in the digestive tract.

In this respect, the domestication of the digestive tracts microbiota has become a priority for productivity improvement in shrimp and fish aquaculture. We have initiated research works in order to obtain a set of microorganisms which are constitutive of the native microbial flora of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and fish (tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Green Terror Aequidens rivulatus). These microorganisms are set to colonize, in a monitorable and reproducible way, the digestive tract of laboratory larvae, according to a process known as conventionalization in gnotobiology science. Such conventionalized larva is expected to have a regular and superior physiology in comparison with the common hatchery-produced larvae.

In order to carry out this work, we have isolated, characterized and identified the constitutive flora of wild shrimps and fishes digestive tract at different life stages (larvae, juveniles and adults). The characterization work has been based on the application of metabolic tests, antagonisms tests and the use of molecular techniques for the analysis of gene sequences such as 16S rRNA, rpoB, 18S rRNA, ITS1, lactonase. These works have provided us with a large collection of gram (-) and gram (+) bacteria, some of which with probiotic potential.

The conventionalization process was realized through mono- and multi-specific ways in order to evaluate the gains in terms of larval growth and the resistance to challenge infections with pathogenic bacteria. As a preliminary step, we established protocols for egg and larva disinfection before inoculation of microbial strains. Then, the selected bacteria were administered directly through the culture water or by means of artemia encapsulation at the first days, before and after the opening of the mouth and the anus.

The results of the present work have shown that larvae inoculated with selected microbial combinations, gain in growth and survival in comparison with larvae maintained in aseptic conditions and inoculated with the set of bacteria associated with live and artificial foods. This study constitutes a preliminary approach, which must be optimized in order to assess the huge collection of available bacteria in experimental and production facilities.

GENETICS BREEDING SRUDIES OF SEA CUCUMBERS AND SEA URCHINS IN CHINA

1*Yaqing Chang

1Key Lab of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture,
Dalian Fisheries University, P. R. China 116023
*yqchang@dlfu.edu.cn Various species of sea urchins and sea cucumbers are consumed in China. As wild stocks decreased since 1980s, research efforts on genetics and breeding developed the technology of echinoderms aquaculture. Consequent echinoderm culture developed significantly, making it a large industry in China.

1. Sea cucumber
Supported by the Chinese national 863 major program, we carried out a research study on interspecies cross-breeding between Chinese and Russian population of sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonius). Chinese sea cucumbers have higher nutrition quality and better environmental adaptability. Russian sea cucumbers, on the other hand, have thicker body wall with six lines of more and longer papillaes. We achieved improvements of traits in hybrid via hybridization among the two populations. Family breeding is another simple and effective breeding method we are studying on. Full-sib families of sea cucumbers were established in our lab. To breed special strains against high temperature and low salinity, we established special strains against high temperature and low salinity.

2. Sea urchin
We investigated growth, development and viability at the larval, juvenile and adult stages of three sea urchin species and their hybrids and achieved improvements of traits related to growth in hybrid F1 via hybridization among the parents. Two batches of full-sib families (52 full-sib families and 161 full-sib families) of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) were established using unbalanced nested design (1 :3) in October 2006 and November 2007, respectively. After the establishment of F1 families, 72 full-sib F2 families of sea urchins were established for different growth performance using unbalanced nested design in June 2008. The growth performance among families was obviously different. Moreover, Sea urchin phenotypes prediction models were established using ISSR marker technology.

Unusual mortality of edible echinoderms has been reported in China since 2000, which largely reduced the production of economically important echinoderms. Since then, various studies were carried out to deal with the industrial problems of both sea cucumbers and sea urchins in China. Although diseases have been adequately addressed through studies focused on genetics and breeding to improve the quantity and quality of cultured echinoderms, additional efforts should look at making the industry more environmentally friendly.

Saturday, January 23, 2010

PRESENT STATUS OF AQUACULTURE IN INDONESIA

Nurdjana, Made L.

Director General for Aquaculture
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesian
KANPUS DEPTAN, B Building, 4 th floor
Jl. Harsono RM No.3, Ragunan, Psr. Minggu, Jakarta Selatan
email addres : ditjen_pb@yahoo.com
Indonesia is a tropical climate country where has high temperature, with this condition fish can grow fast and farmed fish can reproduce continuously. Indonesian Geographical position enabling freedom from cyclones, tornados, hurricanes and major storm. Strenghts of Indonesian aquaculture are space - vast potential, high biodiversity, geography and climate and human resources. Indonesia has areas suitable for mariculture: 8.3 million Ha with species like pompano, barramundi, coral trout, mussels, kertang grouper, pearl oysters and others; areas suitable for brackish-water aquaculture: 1.3 million Ha, with 450,000Ha in use, 775,000 Ha suitable for further development with species like milkfish, tiger prawn, seaweed and mud crab and areas suitable for freshwater aquaculture: 2.2 million Ha with species like pangassius, freshwater lobster, anguillid eels, tilapia, catfish, carp, ornamental fish. Several obstacle in developing aquaculture in Indonesia are acces to limited market acces and export, disease, seeds that still dependent on wild sources, low quality of seed.

RESIDUE LIMITS IN DRUGS FOR AQUACULTURE IN TAIWAN, JAPAN, EUROPEAN UNION, AND AMERICAN FROM 1997-2008

Tzu-Chien Hsiao1, Hsiao-Li Yu1, Su-Ming Hsu2, Chii-Wann Lin3

1Depart. of Computer Science and Inst. of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University
No.1001 University R., Hsinchu, Taiwan 30010
E-mail: labview@cs.nctu.edu.tw
2Depart. of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital
3Depart. of Electrical Engineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University According to the FAO official publication, Commodities Production and Trade at 1976-2006, Taiwan exports aquatic products increased from 567 kilo-tonne (at 1997) to 648 kilo-tonne (at 2006). Its to be worth for Taiwan becoming the one of important supplier for international aquatic products trade in decade. The successful factor is Taiwan follows different residue limits in import countries.
Our study is focusing on comparing main veterinary drug residue limits for major export countries of Taiwan. Even Schnick et al. had been implemented the approved drug, vaccine, and (guideline) at 1997, we also layout multiform drugs, addressed the laws, and compared the residue limits for veterinary drugs of these countries. There are four sources of residue limits laws, i.e. Standards for Veterinary Drug Residue Limits in Foods (Taiwan), Food Sanitation Law (Japan), COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 2377/90 (European Union), and 21CFR part 556 and Green Book (American). The results show that only a few veterinary drugs were approved for administrative department in Taiwan. As well, most drugs are limited as stricter than other laws.
To deal with Grain Crisis, intensive aquaculture was used. But various diseases caused by environment or microorganism will go along with it. So we need to update new information about limits or drug safety until vaccine was used worldwide. Even if it happening, we can integrate many vaccines that will approved in different countries at subsequence.

Wednesday, January 20, 2010

GENETIC DIVERSITY STATUS OF WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei BROODSTOCKS IN MEXICO

Ricardo Perez-Enriquez, Fidencio Hernandez-Martinez, Pedro Cruz*, Manuel Grijalva-Chon, Josefina Ramos-Paredes, Fernando Mendoza-Cano

Centro de Investigaciones Bioldel Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR)
Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo Santa Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico 23090
rperez@cibnor.mx
There is a concern in the Mexican shrimp aquaculture industry that because closed broodstocks have been used in commercial hatcheries for many generations, these would be suffering the effects of low genetic diversity, and hence subject to the effects of inbreeding depression. Since little information is available about the genetic diversity of the Mexican broodstocks, we analyzed the genetic composition and inbreeding levels of six commercial hatcheries in Northwestern Mexico.

We sampled muscle tissue of 50 individuals per lot within each hatchery for DNA extraction and microsatellite analysis. The genetic composition at 6 independent loci (Pvan1758, Pvan1815, TUXMLv8.256, TUXMLv10.312, TUXMLv10.312, and LV5) was obtained and genetic diversity and inbreeding parameters were estimated. Data from the two Pvan microsatellites were compared with three generations of a breeding program at CIBNOR (years 2000-2002). Genetic diversity was also measured based on mtDNA sequences of control region.

The genetic diversity among hatcheries was relatively similar, although two of them showed lower values than the average (Fig. 1). Even though the microsatellite genetic composition was significantly different among hatcheries, the main alleles in all loci were always the same. The main mtDNA haplotypes were also the same in all hatcheries indicating a common origin of the broodstocks.

Even though the comparison between 2000-2002 and 2007 broodstocks did not show a decrease in the number of alleles, a decrease in observed heterozygosity was found. The Fis index showed inbreeding levels of 28%, which might be due not only to inbreeding itself but also to the analysis of mixtured stocks within the hatcheries, or to the overrepresentation of multiple-spawning females.

Management practices for almost 10 generations since the introduction of a single stock from Venezuela to Mexico, had permitted the broodstocks to retain high levels of genetic diversity. Nevertheless, hatchery managers should be aware of the potential inbreeding accumulation, and take crossbreeding measures to decrease the probability of inbreeding depression.

Monday, January 18, 2010

UNDERSTANDING THE GENETIC BASIS OF SEX AND FERTILITY IN SHRIMP: EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF GENES ISOLATED FROM Penaeus japonicus GONADS

Food Futures National Research Flagship
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 120, Cleveland, Q Australia 4163
Tamera.Callaghan@csiro.au
Significant advances in the domestication, selective breeding and genetic improvement of cultured shrimp species have been achieved globally. As a result, the production of sterile stocks which are genetically protected has become increasingly important. Several methods, including polyploidy and irradiation, have been investigated to induce sterility in penaeid species. While these methods have had varying degrees of success, a method which consistently confers 100% sterility is yet to be achieved.

As penaeids are sexually dimorphic, with females growing significantly larger than males, methods to produce all-female populations would also have significant commercial benefits through improved pond yields at harvest. As the genetic mechanisms that control sex and fertility are often linked, the advancement of our understanding of the genetic differences between females and males, and determining the genetic basis of sex and fertility in penaeid species is of significant commercial interest.

Genes expressed in the testes and ovaries of Penaeus japonicus have been isolated using suppression subtractive hybridisation. Genes which exhibit sex-specific expression are being characterised and their expression profiles are being examined in individuals at different developmental stages using quantitative PCR. The cell types in which they are expressed, and the timing and level of their expression are being determined. This knowledge will be applied to the production of sterile and/or monosex prawn populations using gene regulation technology and will assist us to improve our understanding of the processes that control sexual differentiation in penaeid shrimp

FORMULATION OF LOW-COST QUALITY FISH FEED FROM INDIGENOUS RAW MATERIALS AND ITS EFFECT ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL ON Major carps

P.K.Lashari, H.B.Khoso, M.Y.Laghari and N.T.Narejo

Department of Fresh Water Biology and Fisheries,
University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan
To prepare low-cost quality fish feed for the growth and survival of major carps. An experiment was conducted in 10 glass aquaria (size 90 30 cm) for a period of six months starting from March to August 2008. Five fish of each species (Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala), in total 15 fish of same age group, with mean initial length and weight of 5.5 1.40 cm and 6.4 1.6 g respectively were assigned to each aquaria. Three iso-caloric feeds were formulated with locally available ingredients (rice protein, rice bran and wheat bran) of different protein levels such as 30%, 35% and 40% (dietary protein levels) of 2 mm dia were prepared with the help of manually operated pellet machine. The feed ingredients were tested for proximate (bio-chemical composition) analysis according to the methods given in AOAC (1980) and found 13%, 12% and 40% protein respectively. Each feed was supplied at a rate of 8% of the body weight of fish twice a day. The results of the various growth parameters like suitability of protein level requirement, specific growth rate, mean total weight gain, percentage weight gain, feed conversion ratio, survival rate and production of the experimental fish showed significantly (p<0.05) highest growth and production was observed in feed B followed by feed C while significantly (p<0.05) lowest growth and production was recorded from feed A. It is therefore concluded that the low-cost feed with 35% gross protein found to be suitable for the better growth and production of major carps. The cost of feed A, B and C were Rs. 20.60/kg, Rs. 20.50/kg and Rs. 20.0/kg respectively. The water quality parameters were recorded throughout the study period and were found with in the suitable ranges of fish culture.
Key Words: Low Cost fish feed, indigenous raw materials, carp fishes, feed cost.

Sunday, January 17, 2010

Planting water plants for fish

Tropical water plants for aquariums mostly marketed in plastic packaging, which at the bottom of the pot with a handle given the mineral wool. This will protect the plants and give the roots to continue to develop the ideal start of the sorting plant and cut like at the beginning of planting until the planting location.


Pot and new mineral wool may be released when ready to be planted. Use plastic pots easily removed from the roots - roots that live in it. Roots that had spread can be removed carefully from the plastic pots. if there are too much long roots, should be cut with scissors or a knife. because plant roots can spread out more easily.

Small plants and flat as Lilaeopsis is sometimes difficult to replanted when mineral wool is removed. In some cases, or occasionally simply by removing the bottom of the mineral wool and the rest with roots can be put into the aquarium.

Before planting should be used to dispose the old leaves , so the Alcan plant look more attractive. It is expected that new plants will grow up and appear new leaves in accordance with the conditions of the aquarium water and lighting available.

source: Warta Pasar Ikan, Dir. Marketing of the Interior, Directorate General P2JP, DKP 2009

Tuesday, January 12, 2010

What You Should Know About Organic Foods

Just what does it mean when a food is labeled organic? The U.S. Department of Agriculture finally issued a new national seal designed to bring clarity and assurance to consumers that foods bearing the seal are certified organic following USDA standards which were 10 years in the making.

Organic LabelBeginning Oct. 21, only foods certified as at least 95 percent organic - that is, produced without most pesticides, toxic fertilizers, growth hormones and antibiotics - will be allowed to carry the official "USDA organic" seal.

One caveat: The new rules apply only to food produced on or after Oct. 21, so it may be several months before the seal becomes commonplace in grocery aisles, particularly on packaged foods where the turnover is slower.

The new USDA national standards replace what had been a mishmash of certification systems run by individual states and private groups. The USDA seal will ensure consumers are actually purchasing a product that is truly organic rather than a creatively worded package that advertises itself as organic when only a few ingredients actually are.

Under the new rules, foods will be labeled as belonging to one of four categories:

1. Food that is 100 percent organic may carry the new "USDA organic" label and say "100% organic."
2. Food that is at least 95 percent organic may carry the new seal.
3. Food that is at least 70 percent organic will list the organic ingredients on the front of the package.
4. If a product is less than 70 percent organic, the organic ingredients may be listed on the side of the package but cannot say "organic" on the front.

The national organic program rules prohibit the use of conventional pesticides, petroleum- or sewage-sludge-based fertilizers, bioengineering or ionizing radiation and synthetic substances. Foods certified as organic must be produced using growing methods that minimize soil erosion and that maintain or enhance the fertility of the soil. Organic farms need to prove that these materials have not been used for at least three years. Organic meat, poultry, eggs and dairy products come from animals that are given no antibiotics or growth hormones, must be fed organic feed and have access to the outdoors. Before a product can be labeled "organic," an inspector visits the farm where the food is produced to make sure the farm meets USDA standards.

Look for the word "organic" and a small sticker version of the USDA organic seal on vegetables or pieces of fruit or on the sign above the organic produce display. The word "organic" and the seal may also appear on packages of meat, cartons of milk or eggs, cheese and other single-ingredient foods. Use of the seal is voluntary.

The federal government's stamp of approval is an important step toward mainstream acceptance for the rapidly growing industry. Organic food sales in the U.S. are increasing by about 20 percent a year and are expected to surpass $11 billion in 2002 and $20 billion in 2005.

The new USDA's national criteria for labeling are aimed at enabling consumers to make an educated choice among the foods they purchase and also include the safeguard of fines for misrepresentation. New federal laws for organic certification assess penalties of up to $10,000 for each violation of selling or labeling products "organic" when they are not or when organic food is contaminated with non-organic compounds. This means that the organic grapes can.t be contaminated by the non-organic apples. Separate tubs and wash water are used to trim and clean produce and if there is an organic display in a place where non-organics have been, it is required that the nonskid mats be replaced and the area cleaned with a mild, bleach solution.

Monday, January 11, 2010

About Barramundi


The Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is a species of catadromous fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes. The native species is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region from the Persian Gulf, through Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia.

Origin of name
Barramundi is a loanword from a Queenslander Australian language of the Rockhampton area meaning "large-scaled river fish".Originally, the name barramundi referred to saratoga and Gulf saratoga. However, the name was appropriated for marketing reasons during the 1980s, a decision which has aided in raising the profile of this fish significantly.L. calcarifer is also known as the giant perch, giant seaperch, Asian seabass, Australian seabass, white seabass, and by a variety of names in other local languages, such as Siakap in Malay. It is nicknamed the silver jack.


Since I live on an island, it is high time to talk about fish. The most popular and one of the very best fish to eat is the Barramundi. It is a fish that lives both, in marine waters and in rivers, but unlike salmon is not highly migratory. Some populations are only marine.
At the beginning of the monsoon, the Barramundi migrates downriver, to reproduce in estuarine waters. Young animals are commonly males, when growing up, they turn into females. A big Barra can reach nearly two meters.
It is found in the tropical regions from the Persian Gulf to Papua New Guinea. In Australia it is considered the fish. In the northern parts of the country, you get fantastic dishes with freshly caught Barra, indeed very, very delicious. Here, the Barramundi has been appreciated as fantastic food source for many thousands of years, and it is regularly depicted together with Long-Necked Turtles in old Aboriginal rock paintings. Below as seen at Ubirr.

Sunday, January 10, 2010

EEL FISH OR BELUT FISH (Monopterus albus)

Eel fish or Belut is familiar to the public. These fish are easily found in the rice field region. These fish have in common with the snake when he was on the surface of the rice fields, which is moving with the sway-toss his body. to the right and left, and the main features of the body slimy.

Although different body shape, unique taste and the meat nutrient content and high protein is needed by our bodies. Eels contain acids
saturated fat by 20%. Type of fat contained in the eel, including type of omega-3 that has many benefits including:

- Preventing coronary heart disease;
- Increasing the development of the brain (Nutrition brain),
- Helps reduce high blood pressure (hypertension);
- Helping cancer and kidney disease;
- Increase vitality and stamina;
- Improve the function of the eye.

Over time, and increased public knowledge about the importance of animal protein, as well as an easy way of processing, Eels became popular and favored by rural and urban communities.

Catching a large scale to meet consumer demand caused eel populations increasingly less, especially if it means catching the highly forbidden by the government, as a surprise given the electric current using batteries.

Looking at these conditions, it must find some way to preserve it. Members of farmer groups and epen Iwan Hermawan Sukendar with a built Wawan Setiawan WMO SP., Successful conservation effort, eel through a variety of research danpercobaan for 8 years.
With this success, the consumer does not have to depend on the results from wild capture.

Eels from the business side is promising because the demand from within and outside the country until the current unmet demand and the growing number of day let alone there is increasing recognition by some countries that Indonesia, especially the Eels came from Java island has the highest quality.

KNOW MORE ABOUT EEL FISH (Monopterus albus)

Eel is a water animal that lives with the media should be smooth mud. Then why the Eels need to use the media as a place of fine mud of his life? This is because:

• Eels need for her safety from predators and weather all with bury his body in mud;

• eel does not have scales and fins so easily hurt;

• eel slime covered by a liquid such as cooking oil that is useful to maintain the stability of the body. to facilitate in making the hole as a place of residence;

• eel in finding prey or food by waiting in front of the end of the hole which is used as a place to lurk for the passive nature of the eels;

• Eels will become active and when to feel hungry cannibals or
if you're looking for a partner to perform marriages according to their growth period;

. Including fish, eels are not greedy, hence slower growth compared with other fish species besides Eels did not have indigestion that can digest food quickly because it forms a single extended digestion like shape.

TO REPRODUCTIVE EEL FISH

Eel reproduction through several phases, namely:

1. After a continuous observation in the field then the results obtained adult eel will usually find a partner for mating to fill each vacancy and fertilize each other. Female eels Eels will search for a male who will fertilize the eggs that are ready out of the stomach;

2. Eels males will find females who are ready to be fertilized and membuahinya. In the fertile period could eel more than one partner and the group huddled together to find a suitable partner with instinct. After obtaining a suitable partner is usually not too much size, slightly larger males with females;

3. couples who are ready to perform the marriage will swim toward the hole or a nest prepared by sipejantan in place and the couple will perform the marriage and this marriage will fertilize each other;

4. After a few days there is usually a sign of marriage shaped yellowish-white foam on the water eel females store eggs in the bubbles and yellow eel will be attended by the male until the eggs hatch, whereas female eel after he took the eggs immediately went to find food because of hunger after
to marriage or create a new hole to remain silent and peered prey which, through

5. Eel eggs will hatch after 1 to 7 days, during the same lump of foam can last until the eggs hatch into larvae eel and eel males will wait faithfully;

6. After hatching the seeds, the seeds will find their own food and be able to survive from predators who sometimes come from the Eels a larger size because the eel groups including animal cannibals. Struggle to find food and protection should be done to become an adult eel (up to age 6 months).

According to the observations in the field, Eels reproduce more of there time in accordance with its fertility, because the eel is a hermaphrodite animals by each other, filling between males and females.

Eels including hermaphrodite animals which, according to observations of some people is difficult to distinguish between females and males Eels, Eels think there are initially female and after marriage malakukan will turn into a male eel. Next empty male eel does not have sex often called sissy eel.

DIFFERENCES EEL MALE AND EEL FEMALE

In the early start today, Eels tend to look female because it contains egg fertilized ready to be issued and male eels and eel during the mating fertilize each other in a natural way and complement each other as a form of sexual exchange with a fertilized to hatch.
After the completion of marriage eel males will turn into a female while the female eel will turn into a male. So this cycle continues during the fertile conditions are good eel.

SUPPORTING FACTORS IN CULTIVATION EEL FISH
Before we cultivate eel, there are some things that must be considered, including:
1. Place.
West Java in general have a wide rice fields and rice paddies are a very suitable place for eel cultivation.
2. Height. The best height for
eel cultivation is 500 to 700 above sea level.
3. Water quality. Water is needed to clear water, rich in oxygen and not polluted by the waste and toxic chemicals.
4. Temperature. Temperature strongly supports the growth of eel ranges from 28 to 30 degrees Celsius.

CANDIDATE HOME
Prospective parents will be used in cultivation must be in good health with signs as follows:
• Members of the body intact and smooth, no injury or disability;
• Aggressive and capable of moving swiftly;
• Body hard and did not limp when held;
• Age eels between 3 to 5 months.

FEED FOR EEL FISH

In the habitat, eel including carnivores. (meat eater), because. Eels eat all kinds of living organisms that fall into the water like water fleas, insects, worms, tadpoles, frogs children, maggots, small fish, snails and marus.

PEST

Pests of cultivated common place. Eel is a beaver, mice and snakes rice fields.

DISEASE IN EEL FISH

The cause of a disease that frequently attacks Eels:
- Lack of food, causing weakness and eel are cannibals;
- Giving feed excessive;
- Poisoning is the result of sulfide gas from the decomposition of plants around the pool;
- Stress caused by changes in water temperature suddenly.

Thursday, January 7, 2010

cultivating Barramundi



Description
Barramundi are a salt and freshwater sportfish, targeted by many. They have large silver scales, which may become darker or lighter, depending on their environment. Their bodies can reach up to 1.8 meters long, though evidence of them being caught at this size is scarce.
Barramundi are mainly a summertime fish, but can be caught all year round, and may be found frolicking in mud. They are usually caught using hard-bodied lures.

Lifecycle
The barramundi feeds on crustaceans, molluscs, and smaller fishes (including its own species); juveniles feed on zooplankton. This catadromous species inhabits rivers and descends to estuaries and tidal flats to spawn. At the start of the monsoon males migrate downriver to meet females, which lay very large numbers of eggs (multiple millions each). The adults do not guard the eggs or the fry, which require brackish water to develop. The species is sequentially hermaphroditic, most individuals maturing as males and becoming female after at least one spawning season; most of the larger specimens are therefore female.

[edit] Recreational
Highly prized by anglers for their good fighting ability, barramundi are reputed to be good at avoiding fixed nets and best caught on lines and with fishing lures. In Australia, the barramundi is used to stock freshwater reservoirs for recreational fishing.
Impoundment barramundi, as many anglers recognize them, are growing in popularity as a catch and release fish. Popular stocked barramundi impoundments include Lake Tinaroo, near Cairns in the Atherton Tablelands, Peter Faust Dam near the Whitsundays, Teemburra Dam near Mackay, Lake Awoonga near Gladstone and Lake Monduran around an hours drive south from Lake Awoonga.Fishing techniques revolve mainly around casting and retrieving all types of lures including soft and hard body lures. Trolling is also a favoured and productive technique for impoundment barramundi.Impoundment barramundi are also a popular target with surface lures as they are known to eat all types of foods from the surface of the water including frogs, injured baitfish and even baby swans and other birds.The distinct 'boof!' noise which barramundi make when surface feeding can easily be recognised and echo up to long distances at quiet times like still nights.Many anglers travel to Queenslands barramundi impoundments to catch the elusive 'metrey', a barramundi measuring in excess of a metre and weighing anywhere from 10kg - 25kg, depending on the fat level.When hooked on a lure, the barramundi will often clear itself from the water several times throughout the battle and make long powerful runs. This is makes it a popular target.The eating quality of impoundment barramundi is quite low, with a rating of around 1.5/5 stars.The flesh has a 'muddy' taste due to the barramundi spending all of its life in silty, freshwater environments, although there are recipes which claim to remove or mask the muddy taste.

Commercial
The fish is of large commercial importance; it is fished internationally and raised in aquaculture in Australia, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Thailand and the United States. Farmed in the US by the Australis, a single facility produces up to 800 tons a year. A farmed operation in Turners Falls, MA, USA under the name of Australis Aquaculture stressed sustainability.

As food
Barramundi have white, flaky flesh, though the larger freshwater ones commonly carry a lot of body fat. Saltwater barramundi, however, have a general reputation as good eating. Barramundi are a favorite food of the region's apex predator the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which have been known to take them from unwary fishermen.
Nile perch—a similar fish found in Lake Victoria, Africa—is often mislabeled as barramundi. It does not fall under the recommendation for U.S. farmed barramundi. The species was originally assigned to genus Holocentrus, in the beryciform family Holocentridae.



Scientific Name : Lates calcarifer
Other Common Names
Barra, Silver Barramundi, Giant Perch, Palmer Perch.
Sometimes (incorrectly) known as Nile Perch.
Size
Up to 1.8 m and 60 Kg (6' & 130 lb), common to 1.2 m
Conservation Status Not threatened
Habitat
Inhabits a wide variety of habitats in rivers creeks and mangrove estuaries in clear to turbid water. Most common in rivers and creeks with large catchments with a slow continuous flow and water temperatures above 20°C. Shows a distinct preference for submerged logs, rock ledges and other structure in the water.


Barramundi are a catadromous species, that is it grows to maturity in the upper reaches of freshwater rivers and streams and adults move downstream, especially during flooding, to estuaries and coastal waters for spawning.

Distribution
L.calcarifer has a very extensive range in tropical and semi-tropical areas of the Indo-Pacific. Its distribution extends from the Persian Gulf to southern China and southwards to the northern Australia. Within Australia its range extends from the Mary and Maroochy River systems in south-east Queensland northwards around the entire northern coast to Shark Bay in Western Australia.

Reproduction
Barramundi are protoandrous hermaphrodites: they start life as males, reaching maturity at around 3 to 4 years of age and later change gender and become females, usually at around age 5. Small fish are almost exclusively male with the percentage of females increasing with overall length.

The female produce large numbers of small, non-adhesive, pelagic eggs between 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm in diameter (one 22 Kg female was recorded as having 17 million eggs). The eggs appear pinkish when water hardened. The eggs hatch within 15-20 hours at which time the larvae are around 1.5 mm in length and the mouth and eyes are well developed, although the yolk sac is large. At 2.5 mm the mouth is large and open, the yolk sac is greatly reduced and the pectoral fins are beginning to develop. Above this size the larvae begin to exhibit the characteristic colouration of juveniles of this species - overall brown mottled markings with a white stripes running lengthwise along the head. At 3.5 mm the yolk sac is all but gone, fin rays are beginning to appear and the teeth are well developed. By the fifth day the yolk sac has been completely absorbed and by 8.5 mm the fins are fully developed.

Diet
A carnivore, feeding mainly on smaller fish as well as crustaceans. Juveniles take smaller fish fry, smaller crustaceans and aquatic insects.
Angling
An exciting and popular target for anglers in northern Australia, Barramundi responds well to lures either cast or trolled. Large minnow pattern lures are popular and productive when fished around snags, mangrove roots rocky outcrops, submerged timber and other heavy cover. Bright metallic gold or bronze a particularly popular lure colours for these feisty fellows. Often known for its spectacular leaps from the water during the fight, the Barramundi justifiably commands respect from those who seek it out.
Barramundi are also popular on heavier weight fly gear, and they will take live bait, especially mullet, prawns and macrobrachium (a giant freshwater shrimp). Whilst some excellent specimens have been taken on dead baits, it is not generally a recommended option.
These days many Barramundi sports fishermen practice catch and release. This practice is encouraged by NFA, although there is no reason not to take the occasional fish for the table.
On the table
Barramundi has gained a reputation as one of Australia's finest eating fish, usually with a price to match! In fact such is the reputation that there has been the occasional scandal due to substitution of other, cheaper, fish in the restaurant trade. Objectively it is probably true that the reputation exceeds the reality, but there is no denying that Barramundi are excellent table fish and specimens captured from estuarine waters are delicious, with firm, white, fine-grained meat. However, fish that have spent some time, even years in turbid, muddy water in some back water can be an entirely different story and their flesh can range from very tasty to inedible.

In the aquarium
Barramundi are generally placid in the aquarium, although the feeding reflex is still violent and sudden. They will take live or frozen bait fish, prawns and mussels. In contrast to the wild where Barramundi appear to be mainly nocturnal feeders, in aquaria, they will readily feed in daylight and become very tame.

Tuesday, January 5, 2010

Litopenaeus vannamei with a new computational pipeline.

Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.

Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) have been farmed in the Americas for many years and are growing in popularity in Asia with the development of specific pathogen-free stocks. The full genomic sequence of this species might not be available in the near future, so other tools are needed to discover the location of polymorphic sites for quantitative trait loci mapping, association studies and subsequent marker-assisted selection. Currently, 25 937 L. vannamei expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are publicly available. These sequences were manually screened, masked for tandem repeats and inputted into CAP3 for clustering. The resulting 3532 contigs were analysed for possible single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with SNPIDENTIFIER, a newly developed computer program for predicting SNPs. SNPIDENTIFIER is designed for ESTs without accompanying chromatogram sequence quality information, and therefore it performs quality control checks on all data. SNPIDENTIFIER sets a threshold such that the sequences used have a poor quality nucleotide (N) frequency <0.1,>0.1, it must be observed at least four times and the 15 bases on either side must exactly match the consensus sequence. Using these conservative parameters, 504 SNPs were predicted from 141 contigs for L. vannamei. A small sample of 18 individuals from three lines have been sequenced to verify prediction results and 17 of 39 (44%) of the tested SNPs have been confirmed.

PMID: 18828861 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Friday, January 1, 2010

General Information

All companies can benefit from a third party who is knowledgeable in the many different scientific disciplines that are a part of aquaculture to assist in optimizing productivity and that all available tools are being used to ensure that profits (this can be affected by growth, animal health, optimal utilization of feeds, using and producing high quality seed, socially and environmentally responsible production, etc. ) are maximized. Outside perspectives can ensure that projects are using up-to-date technologies and that they are producing optimal crops with minimal environmental impact guaranteeing sustainability and increasing the chances that even when times are hard there will still be profits.

Whether it is auditing your operation from a specific perspective to identify sources of poor performance or helping you achieve a competitive advantage through technology and innovation we have a proven track record. We can also help you position a product for sale into the global aquaculture industry, coordinate field trials and work through our extensive network of global contacts developed over the last 30 years.

If you buy product (whether it is shrimp such as Penaeus monodon or Penaeus vannamei or fish such as Tilapia, Salmonids or Catfish) and want the security of knowing that it is being produced responsibly and that there is little chance that products will be contaminated with antibiotics, we can help as well. Our services are tailored to the individual clients needs.
My unique skill sets (resume) have benefited many different types of clients and I am strongly committed to the use of the tools of science to promote the sustainability of aquaculture. Aquaculture is part art and part science. As time goes on we understand more about where this division lies and the science of aquaculture continues to mature enhancing our understanding of the complexities that ensure profitable production of a given species. Successful cultivation can often require knowledge of many different disciplines including water chemistry and water quality monitoring, microbiology (virology, bacteriology, and mycology), animal physiology, nutrition, immunology, endocrinology, algal physiology, biochemistry, physical chemistry, agricultural engineering, and biosecurity to name just a few.